Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is an autoimmune condition that affects the pancreas. In this form of diabetes, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce insulin, a hormone necessary for regulating blood sugar levels. Type 1 diabetes typically develops during childhood or adolescence, although it can occur at any age.
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is still unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Certain genes predispose individuals to the condition, and triggers such as viral infections or exposure to certain toxins may initiate the autoimmune response. Unlike type 2 diabetes, which is strongly associated with lifestyle factors like obesity and sedentary behavior, type 1 diabetes is not preventable or curable through lifestyle changes.
The hallmark symptom of type 1 diabetes is excessive thirst and frequent urination. When the body lacks insulin, glucose cannot enter the cells to provide energy, leading to a buildup of sugar in the bloodstream. This triggers the kidneys to work harder to remove the excess sugar, resulting in increased urination. Consequently, individuals with type 1 diabetes often experience intense thirst as the body tries to compensate for fluid loss.
Unexplained weight loss is another common symptom of type 1 diabetes. Without sufficient insulin, the body cannot properly use glucose as fuel. To compensate, the body begins breaking down muscle and fat for energy, leading to weight loss. Despite eating normally or even more than usual, individuals with type 1 diabetes may continue to lose weight. This weight loss can be rapid and noticeable over a short period.
Type 1 diabetes requires lifelong management through insulin therapy. Since the body no longer produces insulin, people with type 1 diabetes must administer insulin through injections or an insulin pump. Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels and allows glucose to enter the body's cells for energy. Along with insulin therapy, individuals with type 1 diabetes need to monitor their blood sugar levels regularly, follow a balanced diet, engage in regular physical activity, and be aware of potential complications, such as hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. With proper management, individuals with type 1 diabetes can live full and active lives.
